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href="javascript:void(0);"><i class="fas fa-bars fa-fw"></i></a></div></div></nav><div id="post-info"><h1 class="post-title">“网络层”学习提纲</h1><div id="post-meta"><div class="meta-firstline"><span class="post-meta-date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">发表于</span><time class="post-meta-date-created" datetime="2022-08-16T10:52:58.000Z" title="发表于 2022-08-16 18:52:58">2022-08-16</time><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-history fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">更新于</span><time class="post-meta-date-updated" datetime="2023-04-13T02:50:31.435Z" title="更新于 2023-04-13 10:50:31">2023-04-13</time></span><span class="post-meta-categories"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><i class="fas fa-inbox fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><a class="post-meta-categories" href="/categories/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C/">计算机网络</a></span></div><div class="meta-secondline"><span class="post-meta-separator">|</span><span class="post-meta-pv-cv" id="" data-flag-title="“网络层”学习提纲"><i class="far fa-eye fa-fw post-meta-icon"></i><span class="post-meta-label">阅读量:</span><span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"><i class="fa-solid fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span></span></div></div></div></header><main class="layout" id="content-inner"><div id="post"><article class="post-content" id="article-container"><h1 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h1><p>计算机网络的知识抽象、晦涩、不易理解并记忆，在此对“网络层”一章中重点知识总结成提纲。</p>
<hr>
<h1 id="网络层的功能"><a href="#网络层的功能" class="headerlink" title="网络层的功能"></a>网络层的功能</h1><h2 id="网络层的功能-1"><a href="#网络层的功能-1" class="headerlink" title="网络层的功能"></a>网络层的功能</h2><ul>
<li>异构网络互联</li>
<li>路由选择</li>
<li>分组转发</li>
<li>拥塞控制</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网络互联中继系统-中间设备的类型"><a href="#网络互联中继系统-中间设备的类型" class="headerlink" title="网络互联中继系统&#x2F;中间设备的类型"></a>网络互联中继系统&#x2F;中间设备的类型</h2><p>依据计算机网络传输控制协议&#x2F;网际协议（TCI&#x2F;IP）模型从上&#x2F;高到下&#x2F;底的层次：</p>
<ul>
<li>网络层以上：网关</li>
<li>网络层：路由器</li>
<li>数据链路层：网桥，交换机</li>
<li>物理层：中继器，转发器，集线器</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="路由器的功能"><a href="#路由器的功能" class="headerlink" title="路由器的功能"></a>路由器的功能</h2><ul>
<li>路由选择</li>
<li>分组转发</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="路由表的组成"><a href="#路由表的组成" class="headerlink" title="路由表的组成"></a>路由表的组成</h2><p>至少有：</p>
<ul>
<li>目的网络地址</li>
<li>子网掩码</li>
<li>下一跳地址</li>
<li>端口</li>
</ul>
<p>还有：</p>
<ul>
<li>度量值</li>
<li>距离</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网络层的层面"><a href="#网络层的层面" class="headerlink" title="网络层的层面"></a>网络层的层面</h2><ul>
<li>控制层面——路由选择</li>
<li>数据&#x2F;转发层面——分组转发</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="软件定义网络（SDN）的层面"><a href="#软件定义网络（SDN）的层面" class="headerlink" title="软件定义网络（SDN）的层面"></a>软件定义网络（SDN）的层面</h2><ul>
<li>控制层面——集中式</li>
<li>数据&#x2F;转发层面——分布式</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="拥塞控制的方式"><a href="#拥塞控制的方式" class="headerlink" title="拥塞控制的方式"></a>拥塞控制的方式</h2><ul>
<li>开环控制——静态，预防</li>
<li>闭环控制——动态，反馈</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网络层的协议"><a href="#网络层的协议" class="headerlink" title="网络层的协议"></a>网络层的协议</h2><ul>
<li>网际协议（IP）</li>
<li>网际&#x2F;因特网组管理协议（IGMP）</li>
<li>地址解析协议（ARP）</li>
<li>逆&#x2F;反向地址解析协议（RARP）</li>
<li>网际控制报文协议（ICMP）</li>
<li>开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议</li>
</ul>
<p>注意：</p>
<ul>
<li>地址解析协议（ARP）工作在网络层，因为需要网际协议（IP）地址信息</li>
<li>网络地址转换（NAT）工作在传输层，因为需要端口信息</li>
<li>动态主机配置协议（DHCP）工作在应用层，因为使用客户机&#x2F;服务器（CS）模式；基于用户数据报协议（UDP），因为不知网际协议（IP）地址，无法建立传输控制协议（TCP）连接</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="路由算法"><a href="#路由算法" class="headerlink" title="路由算法"></a>路由算法</h1><h2 id="路由算法的类型"><a href="#路由算法的类型" class="headerlink" title="路由算法的类型"></a>路由算法的类型</h2><ul>
<li>静态&#x2F;非自适应路由算法</li>
<li>动态&#x2F;自适应算法路由算法</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="动态-自适应算法路由算法的类型"><a href="#动态-自适应算法路由算法的类型" class="headerlink" title="动态&#x2F;自适应算法路由算法的类型"></a>动态&#x2F;自适应算法路由算法的类型</h2><p>距离矢量&#x2F;向量路由算法：</p>
<ul>
<li>定期发送全局信息（本路由器知道的<strong>所有</strong>信息）给相邻结点</li>
<li>如：路由信息协议（RIP）</li>
</ul>
<p>链路状态路由算法：</p>
<ul>
<li>状态改变才发送局部信息（本路由器知道的<strong>相邻的</strong>所有路由器信息）给所有结点&#x2F;泛洪（不是广播）</li>
<li>使用迪杰斯特拉（Dijkstra）最短路径算法更新信息</li>
<li>如：开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议</li>
</ul>
<p>路径向量（网络可达性信息，不只是下一跳地址）路由算法：</p>
<ul>
<li>状态改变才发送局部信息（状态改变的内容）给相邻结点</li>
<li>选择较好，而不是最佳路由</li>
<li>如：边界网关协议（BGP）</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>广播和泛洪的区别</strong>：</p>
<ul>
<li>广播：都发，自身（端口）也发</li>
<li>泛洪：除自身（端口）都发</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="路由选择协议的类型"><a href="#路由选择协议的类型" class="headerlink" title="路由选择协议的类型"></a>路由选择协议的类型</h2><p>依据路由层次：</p>
<ul>
<li>内部网关协议（IGP）&#x2F;域内路由选择：如路由信息协议（RIP）和开放式最短路径优先（OSPF）协议</li>
<li>外部网关协议（EGP）&#x2F;域间路由选择：如边界网关协议（BGP）</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="路由器交付的方式"><a href="#路由器交付的方式" class="headerlink" title="路由器交付的方式"></a>路由器交付的方式</h2><ul>
<li>直接交付：相同网段，不涉及路由器</li>
<li>间接交付：不同网段，涉及路由器；包含直接交付</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="网际协议版本4（IPv4）"><a href="#网际协议版本4（IPv4）" class="headerlink" title="网际协议版本4（IPv4）"></a>网际协议版本4（IPv4）</h1><h2 id="网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组的格式"><a href="#网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组的格式" class="headerlink" title="网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组的格式"></a>网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组的格式</h2><p>首部：</p>
<ul>
<li>固定部分：20字节（B）</li>
<li>可变部分</li>
</ul>
<p>固定部分：</p>
<ul>
<li>版本：4比特位（b）</li>
<li>首部长度：4比特位（b）：内容的基本单位：4字节（B）</li>
<li>区分服务：8比特位（b）</li>
<li>总长度：16比特位（b）：内容的基本单位：1字节（B）</li>
<li>标识：16比特位（b）</li>
<li>标志：3比特位（b）</li>
<li>片偏移：13比特位（b）：内容的基本单位：8字节（B）</li>
<li>生存时间（TTL）：8比特位（b）</li>
<li>协议：8比特位（b）</li>
<li>首部校验和：16比特位（b）</li>
<li>源地址：16比特位（b）</li>
<li>目的地址：16比特位（b）</li>
</ul>
<p>数据：</p>
<ul>
<li>0-1480字节（B）——对以太网帧的最大传输单元（MTU）：1500字节（B）- 首部固定部分：20字节（B）</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组关于分片的字段"><a href="#网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组关于分片的字段" class="headerlink" title="网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组关于分片的字段"></a>网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组关于分片的字段</h2><ul>
<li>标识</li>
<li>标志：更多片（MF），不分片（DF）</li>
<li>片偏移：单位：8字节（B）</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址的类型"><a href="#网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址的类型" class="headerlink" title="网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址的类型"></a>网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址的类型</h2><ul>
<li>分类：网络号+主机号</li>
<li>分类+子网划分：网络号+子网号+主机号</li>
<li>无分类域间路由（CIDR）：网络前缀+主机号</li>
<li>无分类域间路由（CIDR）+子网划分：网络前缀+子网号+主机号</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：子网划分和无分类域间路由（CIDR）不同</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h2 id="分类的网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址"><a href="#分类的网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址" class="headerlink" title="分类的网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址"></a>分类的网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址</h2><ul>
<li>A类：1-126</li>
<li>B类：128-191</li>
<li>C类：192-223</li>
<li>D类：224-239：组播（部分不能作组播地址）</li>
<li>E类：240-255：保留</li>
</ul>
<p>特殊地址：</p>
<ul>
<li>主机号全0：本网络</li>
<li>主机号全1：本网络的广播地址&#x2F;直接广播地址</li>
<li>127.X.X.X：环回自检地址</li>
<li>32位全0：0.0.0.0：本网络中的本主机</li>
<li>32位全1：255.255.255.255：网络广播地址-&gt;本网络的广播地址&#x2F;受限广播地址</li>
</ul>
<p>网络地址转换（NAT）的私有网段：</p>
<ul>
<li>A类：10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255，1个</li>
<li>B类：172.16.0.0 - 172.<strong>31</strong>.255.255，16个</li>
<li>C类：192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255，256个</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网络地址转换（NAT）的映射项"><a href="#网络地址转换（NAT）的映射项" class="headerlink" title="网络地址转换（NAT）的映射项"></a>网络地址转换（NAT）的映射项</h2><p>四元组：</p>
<ul>
<li>私用地址：端口</li>
<li>公有地址：端口</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的类型"><a href="#网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的类型" class="headerlink" title="网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的类型"></a>网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的类型</h2><p>差错报告报文：</p>
<ul>
<li>路由重定向</li>
<li>参数问题</li>
<li>超时</li>
<li>源点抑制</li>
<li>终点不可达</li>
</ul>
<p>询问报文：</p>
<ul>
<li>回送请求和回答报文（常用）</li>
<li>时间戳请求和回答报文（常用）</li>
<li>地址掩码请求和回答报文</li>
<li>路由器询问和通告报文</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的应用"><a href="#网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的应用" class="headerlink" title="网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的应用"></a>网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的应用</h2><ul>
<li>分组网间探测（PING）：工作在应用层，直接使用网络层的网际控制报文协议（ICMP），未使用传输层的传输控制协议（TCP）和用户数据报协议（UDP）</li>
<li>Traceroute（UNIX）&#x2F;Tracert（Windows）：工作在网络层</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="网际协议版本6（IPv6）"><a href="#网际协议版本6（IPv6）" class="headerlink" title="网际协议版本6（IPv6）"></a>网际协议版本6（IPv6）</h1><h2 id="解决网际协议（IP）地址耗尽的方式"><a href="#解决网际协议（IP）地址耗尽的方式" class="headerlink" title="解决网际协议（IP）地址耗尽的方式"></a>解决网际协议（IP）地址耗尽的方式</h2><ul>
<li>网络地址转换（NAT）</li>
<li>无分类域间路由（CIDR）</li>
<li>网际协议版本6（IPv6）——根本</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网际协议版本6（IPv6）地址的类型"><a href="#网际协议版本6（IPv6）地址的类型" class="headerlink" title="网际协议版本6（IPv6）地址的类型"></a>网际协议版本6（IPv6）地址的类型</h2><ul>
<li>单播</li>
<li>多播</li>
<li>任播：发送的目的是一组&#x2F;多个，接收只有一个</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网际协议版本4（IPv4）向网际协议版本6（IPv6）过渡的策略"><a href="#网际协议版本4（IPv4）向网际协议版本6（IPv6）过渡的策略" class="headerlink" title="网际协议版本4（IPv4）向网际协议版本6（IPv6）过渡的策略"></a>网际协议版本4（IPv4）向网际协议版本6（IPv6）过渡的策略</h2><ul>
<li>双协议栈技术：使用两协议</li>
<li>隧道技术：封装网际协议版本6（IPv6）在网际协议版本4（IPv4）中传输</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="路由协议"><a href="#路由协议" class="headerlink" title="路由协议"></a>路由协议</h1><h2 id="路由选择协议的类型-1"><a href="#路由选择协议的类型-1" class="headerlink" title="路由选择协议的类型"></a>路由选择协议的类型</h2><p>依据路由层次：</p>
<ul>
<li>内部网关协议（IGP）&#x2F;域内路由选择：如路由信息协议（RIP）和开放式最短路径优先（OSPF）协议</li>
<li>外部网关协议（EGP）&#x2F;域间路由选择：如边界网关协议（BGP）</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="常用的路由选择协议"><a href="#常用的路由选择协议" class="headerlink" title="常用的路由选择协议"></a>常用的路由选择协议</h2><ul>
<li>路由信息协议（RIP）：距离矢量&#x2F;向量路由选择协议；工作在应用层，基于用户数据报协议（UDP）（端口号：520）</li>
<li>开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议：链路状态路由选择协议；工作在网络层</li>
<li>边界网关协议（BGP）：路径向量路由选择协议（路径较好，不是最佳）；工作在应用层，基于传输控制协议（TCP）</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议分组的类型"><a href="#开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议分组的类型" class="headerlink" title="开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议分组的类型"></a>开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议分组的类型</h2><p>依据基本操作&#x2F;工作方式顺序：</p>
<ul>
<li>问候</li>
<li>数据库描述</li>
<li>链路状态请求</li>
<li>链路状态更新</li>
<li>链路状态确认</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="边界网关协议（BGP）协议分组的类型"><a href="#边界网关协议（BGP）协议分组的类型" class="headerlink" title="边界网关协议（BGP）协议分组的类型"></a>边界网关协议（BGP）协议分组的类型</h2><ul>
<li>打开</li>
<li>更新</li>
<li>保活</li>
<li>通知</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="自治系统（AS）路由器的类型"><a href="#自治系统（AS）路由器的类型" class="headerlink" title="自治系统（AS）路由器的类型"></a>自治系统（AS）路由器的类型</h2><ul>
<li>区域内部路由器</li>
<li>区域边界路由器</li>
<li>自治系统（AS）边界路由器</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="网际协议（IP）组播"><a href="#网际协议（IP）组播" class="headerlink" title="网际协议（IP）组播"></a>网际协议（IP）组播</h1><h2 id="网际协议（IP）组播的类型"><a href="#网际协议（IP）组播的类型" class="headerlink" title="网际协议（IP）组播的类型"></a>网际协议（IP）组播的类型</h2><ul>
<li>局域网硬件组播</li>
<li>因特网组播：包括局域网硬件组播</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="组播路由算法的类型"><a href="#组播路由算法的类型" class="headerlink" title="组播路由算法的类型"></a>组播路由算法的类型</h2><ul>
<li>距离矢量&#x2F;向量路由算法</li>
<li>链路状态路由算法</li>
<li>协议无关的组播（PIM）路由算法</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="移动网际协议（IP）"><a href="#移动网际协议（IP）" class="headerlink" title="移动网际协议（IP）"></a>移动网际协议（IP）</h1><h2 id="移动网际协议（IP）的功能实体"><a href="#移动网际协议（IP）的功能实体" class="headerlink" title="移动网际协议（IP）的功能实体"></a>移动网际协议（IP）的功能实体</h2><ul>
<li>移动结点：主&#x2F;本地地址（不变）+辅&#x2F;转交地址（可变）</li>
<li>归属&#x2F;本地代理：主要负责移动结点接收分组：主&#x2F;本地地址-&gt;辅&#x2F;转交地址</li>
<li>外埠&#x2F;外部代理：主要负责移动结点发送分组：辅&#x2F;转交地址-&gt;主&#x2F;本地地址</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="移动网际协议（IP）的工作过程"><a href="#移动网际协议（IP）的工作过程" class="headerlink" title="移动网际协议（IP）的工作过程"></a>移动网际协议（IP）的工作过程</h2><ol>
<li>代理发现</li>
<li>注册：向归属&#x2F;本地代理注册</li>
<li>分组路由</li>
<li>注销：向归属&#x2F;本地代理注销</li>
</ol>
<p>另：</p>
<ul>
<li>移动结点接收分组：其他结点-&gt;归属&#x2F;本地代理-&gt;外埠&#x2F;外部代理-&gt;移动结点</li>
<li>移动结点发送分组：移动结点-&gt;外埠&#x2F;外部代理-&gt;归属&#x2F;本地代理-&gt;其他结点</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="网络层设备"><a href="#网络层设备" class="headerlink" title="网络层设备"></a>网络层设备</h1><h2 id="域的类型"><a href="#域的类型" class="headerlink" title="域的类型"></a>域的类型</h2><ul>
<li>冲突域</li>
<li>广播域</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="网络层的设备"><a href="#网络层的设备" class="headerlink" title="网络层的设备"></a>网络层的设备</h2><ul>
<li>路由器</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="路由器的功能-1"><a href="#路由器的功能-1" class="headerlink" title="路由器的功能"></a>路由器的功能</h2><ul>
<li>路由选择：使用路由表</li>
<li>分组转发：使用转发表</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="路由器的组成"><a href="#路由器的组成" class="headerlink" title="路由器的组成"></a>路由器的组成</h2><ul>
<li>路由选择&#x2F;控制部分：路由选择处理机：路由选择协议-&gt;路由表</li>
<li>分组转发&#x2F;数据部分：输入端口，交换结构：路由表-&gt;转发表，输出端口</li>
</ul>
<p>交换结构交换的方式：</p>
<ul>
<li>通过存储器</li>
<li>通过总线</li>
<li>通过网络</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="路由表的组成-1"><a href="#路由表的组成-1" class="headerlink" title="路由表的组成"></a>路由表的组成</h2><p>至少有：</p>
<ul>
<li>目的网络地址</li>
<li>子网掩码</li>
<li>下一跳地址</li>
<li>端口</li>
</ul>
<p>还有：</p>
<ul>
<li>度量值</li>
<li>距离</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="转发表（不是数据链路层的转发表）的组成"><a href="#转发表（不是数据链路层的转发表）的组成" class="headerlink" title="转发表（不是数据链路层的转发表）的组成"></a>转发表（不是数据链路层的转发表）的组成</h2><ul>
<li>目的地址</li>
<li>下一跳地址</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h1><p>计算机网络的知识抽象、晦涩、不易理解并记忆，在此对“网络层”一章中重点知识总结成提纲。</p>
<hr>
<h1 id="参考资料"><a href="#参考资料" class="headerlink" title="参考资料"></a>参考资料</h1><ul>
<li>《2023年计算机网络考研复习指导》组编：王道论坛</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h1 id="作者的话"><a href="#作者的话" class="headerlink" title="作者的话"></a>作者的话</h1><ul>
<li><strong>感谢参考资料的作者&#x2F;博主</strong></li>
<li>作者：夜悊</li>
<li>版权所有，转载请注明出处，谢谢~</li>
<li><strong>如果文章对你有帮助，请点个赞或加个粉丝吧，你的支持就是作者的动力~</strong></li>
<li>文章在描述时有疑惑的地方，请留言，定会一一耐心讨论、解答</li>
<li>文章在认识上有错误的地方, 敬请批评指正</li>
<li>望读者们都能有所收获</li>
</ul>
<hr>
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href="/2022/07/29/%E2%80%9C%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E2%80%9D%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E6%8F%90%E7%BA%B2/" title="“计算机网络体系结构”学习提纲"><img class="cover" src= "" data-lazy-src="/img/cover11.png" alt="cover"><div class="content is-center"><div class="date"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw"></i> 2022-07-29</div><div class="title">“计算机网络体系结构”学习提纲</div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="aside-content" id="aside-content"><div class="sticky_layout"><div class="card-widget" id="card-toc"><div class="item-headline"><i class="fas fa-stream"></i><span>目录</span><span class="toc-percentage"></span></div><div class="toc-content is-expand"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%80"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">前言</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">网络层的功能</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD-1"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">网络层的功能</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E4%B8%AD%E7%BB%A7%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F-%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">网络互联中继系统&#x2F;中间设备的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由器的功能</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90"><span class="toc-number">2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由表的组成</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%A2"><span class="toc-number">2.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">网络层的层面</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%EF%BC%88SDN%EF%BC%89%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%A2"><span class="toc-number">2.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">软件定义网络（SDN）的层面</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%8B%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">2.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">拥塞控制的方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">2.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">网络层的协议</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由算法</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由算法的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81-%E8%87%AA%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">动态&#x2F;自适应算法路由算法的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由选择协议的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%A4%E4%BB%98%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">3.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由器交付的方式</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC4%EF%BC%88IPv4%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">4.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际协议版本4（IPv4）</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC4%EF%BC%88IPv4%EF%BC%89%E5%88%86%E7%BB%84%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组的格式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC4%EF%BC%88IPv4%EF%BC%89%E5%88%86%E7%BB%84%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%88%86%E7%89%87%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E6%AE%B5"><span class="toc-number">4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际协议版本4（IPv4）分组关于分片的字段</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC4%EF%BC%88IPv4%EF%BC%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">4.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC4%EF%BC%88IPv4%EF%BC%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80"><span class="toc-number">4.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">分类的网际协议版本4（IPv4）地址</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2%EF%BC%88NAT%EF%BC%89%E7%9A%84%E6%98%A0%E5%B0%84%E9%A1%B9"><span class="toc-number">4.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">网络地址转换（NAT）的映射项</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%8A%A5%E6%96%87%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88ICMP%EF%BC%89%E6%8A%A5%E6%96%87%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">4.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%8A%A5%E6%96%87%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88ICMP%EF%BC%89%E6%8A%A5%E6%96%87%E7%9A%84%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8"><span class="toc-number">4.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际控制报文协议（ICMP）报文的应用</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC6%EF%BC%88IPv6%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">5.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际协议版本6（IPv6）</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88IP%EF%BC%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E8%80%97%E5%B0%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F"><span class="toc-number">5.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">解决网际协议（IP）地址耗尽的方式</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC6%EF%BC%88IPv6%EF%BC%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">5.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际协议版本6（IPv6）地址的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC4%EF%BC%88IPv4%EF%BC%89%E5%90%91%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC6%EF%BC%88IPv6%EF%BC%89%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E7%9A%84%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5"><span class="toc-number">5.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际协议版本4（IPv4）向网际协议版本6（IPv6）过渡的策略</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">6.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由协议</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B-1"><span class="toc-number">6.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由选择协议的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span class="toc-number">6.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">常用的路由选择协议</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%9C%80%E7%9F%AD%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%EF%BC%88OSPF%EF%BC%89%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%86%E7%BB%84%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">6.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议分组的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E7%BD%91%E5%85%B3%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88BGP%EF%BC%89%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%88%86%E7%BB%84%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">6.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">边界网关协议（BGP）协议分组的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%EF%BC%88AS%EF%BC%89%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">6.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">自治系统（AS）路由器的类型</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88IP%EF%BC%89%E7%BB%84%E6%92%AD"><span class="toc-number">7.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际协议（IP）组播</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88IP%EF%BC%89%E7%BB%84%E6%92%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">7.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">网际协议（IP）组播的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BB%84%E6%92%AD%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">7.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">组播路由算法的类型</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88IP%EF%BC%89"><span class="toc-number">8.</span> <span class="toc-text">移动网际协议（IP）</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88IP%EF%BC%89%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93"><span class="toc-number">8.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">移动网际协议（IP）的功能实体</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%88IP%EF%BC%89%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B"><span class="toc-number">8.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">移动网际协议（IP）的工作过程</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87"><span class="toc-number">9.</span> <span class="toc-text">网络层设备</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9F%9F%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="toc-number">9.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">域的类型</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87"><span class="toc-number">9.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">网络层的设备</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD-1"><span class="toc-number">9.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由器的功能</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90"><span class="toc-number">9.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由器的组成</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90-1"><span class="toc-number">9.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">路由表的组成</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E8%BD%AC%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%93%BE%E8%B7%AF%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%AC%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%89%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90"><span class="toc-number">9.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">转发表（不是数据链路层的转发表）的组成</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93"><span class="toc-number">10.</span> <span class="toc-text">总结</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99"><span class="toc-number">11.</span> <span class="toc-text">参考资料</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%9D"><span class="toc-number">12.</span> <span class="toc-text">作者的话</span></a></li></ol></div></div></div></div></main><footer id="footer" style="background-image: url('/img/cover14.png')"><div id="footer-wrap"><div class="copyright">&copy;2023 - 2025 By 夜悊</div><div 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